The underlying logic of keigo is simple: use honorific language (sonkeigo) to elevate others' actions, and humble language (kenjougo) to lower your own. Formulas work for most verbs (お + verb + になる/いたす), but some verbs don't follow formulas — they have dedicated honorific and humble forms that you must memorize.
Formula Review
Before looking at the special verbs, confirm the two formula sets:
Honorific Formula (Other Person's Actions)
| Type | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Regular verb | お + masu-stem + になる | お書きになる |
| Sino-Japanese verb | ご + noun + になる | ご案内になる |
| Short form | お/ご + masu-stem + ください | お書きください |
| Short form | お/ご + masu-stem + です | お持ちですか |
| Universal | verb + れる/られる | 書かれる |
Humble Formula (Your Own Actions)
| Type | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Regular verb | お + masu-stem + する | お願いします |
| Regular verb | お + masu-stem + いたす | お願いいたします |
| Sino-Japanese verb | ご + noun + する | ご案内します |
| Sino-Japanese verb | ご + noun + いたす | ご案内いたします |
する → いたす → もうす → もうしあげる — the longer the word, the higher the respect.
Special Keigo Verb Table (Must Memorize)
These verbs can't use formulas — you need to memorize them directly:
| Plain Form | Honorific (Sonkeigo) | Humble (Kenjougo) |
|---|---|---|
| 行く (go) | いらっしゃる・おいでになる | まいる |
| 来る (come) | いらっしゃる・おいでになる・見える | まいる |
| いる (be/exist) | いらっしゃる・おいでになる | おる |
| する (do) | なさる | いたす |
| 食べる・飲む (eat/drink) | めしあがる・あがる | いただく・ちょうだいする |
| 言う (say) | おっしゃる | もうす・もうしあげる |
| 聞く (hear/ask) | お耳にする・お聞きになる | うかがう・拝聴する・うけたまわる |
| 見る (see) | ご覧になる | 拝見する |
| 知る (know) | ご存じになる | 存じております |
| です (be) | でいらっしゃいます | でございます |
| あげる (give) | — | さしあげる |
| もらう (receive) | — | いただく |
| くれる (give to me) | くださる | — |
Key Vocabulary Deep Dive
見える = Honorific for "Come"
見える is the most frequently tested — many students only know it means "can be seen," but it's also the honorific for "come":
社長が見えました。 The president has arrived.
When you see 見える on a test, first consider whether it means "come."
うけたまわる = Highest-Level Humble for "Hear"
This word combines 「受ける」 (receive) and 「賜わる」 (be bestowed) — "I have received your bestowed words":
ご忠告をうけたまわりました。 I have heard your advice.
さしあげる vs もうしあげる
These two look very similar but serve completely different purposes:
| Word | Origin | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| さしあげる | Humble form of あげる (give) | Giving/receiving verbs |
| もうしあげる | Higher form of もうす (say) | Humble formula pattern |
Don't mix them up: さしあげる is "give (to you)," while もうしあげる is used in the お~もうしあげる humble formula.
Potential Form with Keigo
Both honorific and humble forms can be combined with potential:
| Type | Change | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Honorific | になる → になれる | お持ちになれますか (Can you bring it?) |
| Humble | する → できる | お送りできます (We can deliver it) |
十万円以上お買い上げいただければ、おうちまでお送りできます。 If you purchase over 100,000 yen, we can deliver to your home.
Practical Applications
| Scene | Plain | Honorific/Humble |
|---|---|---|
| Restaurant ordering | 何をしますか | 何になさいますか |
| ID verification | 本人ですか | 本人でいらっしゃいますか |
| Convenience store | 2000円を預かります | 2000円おあずかりします |
| Self-introduction | 宮馬です | 宮馬でございます |
| Guiding someone | 案内します | ご案内いたします |
Summary
- Formulaic verbs: お/ご + verb + になる/いたす
- Non-formulaic verbs: memorize the special table (行く, 来る, いる, する, 食べる, 聞く, 見る, 知る, です)
- Most tested on exams: 見える (honorific for "come"), うけたまわる (humble for "hear")
- Don't confuse さしあげる (humble "give") with もうしあげる (humble formula for "say")
Self-Check Exercises
Q1. What does 見える mean in 「社長が見えました」?
Show Answer
It's the honorific form of "come." Not "can be seen," but "the president has arrived." 見える as the honorific for 来る is a common N3 exam point.
Q2. Is 「2000円おあずかりします」 honorific or humble?
Show Answer
Humble (kenjougo). The cashier is the one "holding" (あずかる) the money — it's their own action, so they use the humble formula: お + あずかり + します. This shows respect toward the customer.
Q3. When do you use さしあげる vs もうしあげる?
Show Answer
- さしあげる = humble form of あげる (give), used in giving/receiving contexts: 「お土産をさしあげます」 (I'll give you a souvenir)
- もうしあげる = higher form of もうす (say), used in the humble formula: 「お願いもうしあげます」 (I humbly request)
One is "give," the other is "say" — don't mix them up.