Meaning
Keigo (敬語) is a distinctive feature of Japanese that expresses the social relationship and attitude between the speaker and listener. It conveys mutual respect between people. Keigo is divided into three main categories: respectful language (elevating the other person), humble language (lowering oneself), and polite language (using courteous expressions). Understanding and using appropriate keigo is essential for showing respect and building proper relationships in Japanese communication.
Formation
| Part of speech | Formation |
|---|---|
| 尊敬语 | 抬高对方来向对方致敬 |
| 谦让语 | 贬低自己来向对方致敬 |
| 礼貌语 | 使用恭敬礼貌的说法（です、ます、ございます等） |
Examples
-
いらっしゃる
いらっしゃる - to come, go, or be (respectful form of いる/来る) -
おっしゃる
おっしゃる - to say or speak (respectful form of 言う) -
拝見する
拝見する - to humbly look at or read (humble form of 見る) -
伺う
伺う - to humbly ask or visit (humble form of 聞く/訪ねる) -
〜様／部長／先生
〜様／部長／先生 - Mr./Ms., department head, teacher/doctor (respectful forms of address) -
わたくし／弊社／粗品
わたくし／弊社／粗品 - myself (humble), our company (humble), modest gift (humble possession)
Summary
- Keigo consists of three types: respectful language (elevates others), humble language (lowers oneself), and polite language (uses courteous expressions like です/ます)
- Respectful language is used for others' actions, possessions, and titles; humble language is used for your own actions, possessions, and references
- Common respectful forms include いらっしゃる, おっしゃる, and titles like 先生; common humble forms include 拝見する, 伺う, and terms like わたくし, 弊社