Meaning
The potential form (可能形) expresses the ability to perform an action or achieve a state, equivalent to 'ことができます' from N5. It is formed differently depending on verb class: Group 1 verbs change the final vowel to the 'え' row and add 'る'; Group 2 verbs drop 'る' and add 'られる'; Group 3 verbs are irregular (くる→こられる, する→できる). An important note: when using potential verbs, the object particle 'を' changes to 'が', while other particles like 'へ' and 'に' remain unchanged.
Formation
| Part of speech | Formation |
|---|---|
| 1类动词 | 辞书形词尾う段→え段+る(例:よむ→よめる) |
| 2类动词 | 辞书形去る+られる(例:たべる→たべられる) |
| 3类动词 | くる→こられる、する→できる |
Examples
-
明日は 休みなので、家で 掃除が できます。
Since tomorrow is a day off, I can do cleaning at home. -
図書館で 外国語の 辞書が 借りられます。
At the library, you can borrow foreign language dictionaries. -
A:どうして、元気ないの? B:きのう あまり 眠れなかった。
A: Why don't you look well? B: I couldn't sleep much yesterday. -
わたしは 日本語の 新聞を 読みます。
I read Japanese newspapers. -
わたしは 日本語の 新聞が 読めます。
I can read (understand) Japanese newspapers.
Summary
- Potential form expresses ability or possibility to perform an action
- Group 1: change final う-row vowel to え-row + る (よむ→よめる)
- Group 2: drop る + add られる (たべる→たべられる); Group 3 irregular (する→できる)
- Key difference: object particle を changes to が with potential verbs