GrammarN42 min read2026-02-17

可能形

Express the ability or possibility to perform an action or achieve a state

Meaning

The potential form (可能形) expresses the ability to perform an action or achieve a state, equivalent to 'ことができます' from N5. It is formed differently depending on verb class: Group 1 verbs change the final vowel to the 'え' row and add 'る'; Group 2 verbs drop 'る' and add 'られる'; Group 3 verbs are irregular (くる→こられる, する→できる). An important note: when using potential verbs, the object particle 'を' changes to 'が', while other particles like 'へ' and 'に' remain unchanged.

Formation

Part of speechFormation
1类动词辞书形词尾う段→え段+る(例:よむ→よめる)
2类动词辞书形去る+られる(例:たべる→たべられる)
3类动词くる→こられる、する→できる

Examples

  1. 明日は 休みなので、家で 掃除が できます。
    Since tomorrow is a day off, I can do cleaning at home.

  2. 図書館で 外国語の 辞書が 借りられます。
    At the library, you can borrow foreign language dictionaries.

  3. A:どうして、元気ないの? B:きのう あまり 眠れなかった。
    A: Why don't you look well? B: I couldn't sleep much yesterday.

  4. わたしは 日本語の 新聞を 読みます。
    I read Japanese newspapers.

  5. わたしは 日本語の 新聞が 読めます。
    I can read (understand) Japanese newspapers.

Summary

  • Potential form expresses ability or possibility to perform an action
  • Group 1: change final う-row vowel to え-row + る (よむ→よめる)
  • Group 2: drop る + add られる (たべる→たべられる); Group 3 irregular (する→できる)
  • Key difference: object particle を changes to が with potential verbs

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