GrammarN52 min read2026-02-17

助数詞

Japanese counters used to count different types of objects with specific patterns and sound changes.

Meaning

Japanese uses special counters (助数詞) to count different categories of objects. Each counter attaches to numbers with specific rules: some counters like 回 (times), 冊 (books), and 台 (vehicles/machines) maintain consistent pronunciations, while others like 匹 (small animals/fish/insects), 杯 (cups/drinks), and 本 (long thin objects) undergo sound changes (voicing, semi-voicing, gemination) depending on the number they follow.

Formation

Part of speechFormation
次数数字+回(かい):いっかい、にかい、さんかい、よんかい、ごかい、ろっかい、ななかい、はっかい、きゅうかい、じゅっかい|何回(なんかい)
小动物/鱼/昆虫数字+匹(ひき/びき/ぴき):いっぴき、にひき、さんびき、よんひき、ごひき、ろっぴき、ななひき、はっぴき、きゅうひき、じゅっぴき|何匹(なんびき)
液体(杯)数字+杯(はい/ばい/ぱい):いっぱい、にはい、さんばい、よんはい、ごはい、ろっぱい、ななはい、はっぱい、きゅうはい、じゅっぱい|何杯(なんばい)
细长物体数字+本(ほん/ぼん/ぽん):いっぽん、にほん、さんぼん、よんほん、ごほん、ろっぽん、ななほん、はっぽん、きゅうほん、じゅっぽん|何本(なんぼん)
书籍数字+冊(さつ):いっさつ、にさつ、さんさつ、よんさつ、ごさつ、ろくさつ、ななさつ、はっさつ、きゅうさつ、じゅっさつ|何冊(なんさつ)
车辆/机器数字+台(だい):いちだい、にだい、さんだい、よんだい、ごだい、ろくだい、ななだい、はちだい、きゅうだい、じゅうだい|何台(なんだい)

Examples

Summary

  • 回 (kaichi) - counts occurrences or sequences (once, twice, three times) with no sound changes
  • 匹/ひき (hiki) - counts small animals, fish, and insects; undergoes sound changes (e.g., いっぴき, にひき, さんびき)
  • 杯/はい (hai) - counts beverages or liquids in containers; undergoes sound changes (e.g., いっぱい, にはい, さんばい)
  • 本/ほん (hon) - counts long thin objects like pens or sticks; undergoes sound changes (e.g., いっぽん, にほん, さんぼん)
  • 冊/さつ (satsu) - counts books and bound materials with no sound changes
  • 台/だい (dai) - counts vehicles and machines with no sound changes

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