GrammarN42 min read2026-02-17

使役形

Japanese causative form used to express making, letting, or forcing someone to perform an action.

Meaning

The causative form expresses when a subject causes, makes, lets, or forces another person to perform an action. It is formed by adding suffixes to the dictionary form of verbs. The causative form cannot be used with superiors or elders. All causative verbs function as type 2 verbs, so they follow type 2 conjugation patterns for other forms like negative, past, and te-form.

Formation

Part of speechFormation
1类动词把动词辞书形的结尾假名换为其所属行的“あ”段的假名,然后加上“せる”。例:よむ → よませる;いう → いわせる
1类动词(形如2类)形如2类动词却属于1类动词的单词,在变化为使役形时,也适用于1类动词的变化规则。例:きる → きらせる;しる → しらせる
2类动词把动词辞书形的“る”去掉,加上“させる”。例:たべる → たべさせる;みる → みさせる
3类动词不规则变化。くる → こさせる;する → させる

Examples

  1. 言う(いう) → 言わせる(いわせる)
    iuu (say) → iwaseru (to make someone say)

  2. 踊る(おどる) → 踊らせる(おどらせる)
    odoru (dance) → odoraseru (to make someone dance)

  3. 選ぶ(えらぶ) → 選ばせる(えらばせる)
    erabu (choose) → erabaseru (to make someone choose)

  4. 切る(きる) → 切らせる(きらせる)
    kiru (cut) → kiraseru (to make someone cut)

  5. 受ける(うける) → 受けさせる(うけさせる)
    ukeru (accept) → ukesaseru (to make someone accept)

  6. 考える(かんがえる) → 考えさせる(かんがえさせる)
    kangaeru (think) → kangaesaseru (to make someone think)

  7. 練習する(れんしゅうする) → 練習させる(れんしゅうさせる)
    renshuu suru (practice) → renshuu saseru (to make someone practice)

  8. 来る(くる) → 来させる(こさせる)
    kuru (come) → kosaseru (to make someone come)

Summary

  • Type 1 verbs: change final vowel to 'a' row and add 'seru' (yomu → yomaseru)
  • Type 2 verbs: remove 'ru' and add 'saseru' (taberu → tabesaseru)
  • Type 3 verbs: irregular forms (kuru → kosaseru; suru → saseru)
  • All causative verbs become type 2 verbs and conjugate accordingly
  • Cannot be used with superiors or elders as it expresses dominance

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